The Presidential Election Of 1976 Politics Essay

The Presidential Election Of 1976 Politics Essay In the year 1976, a very close race transpired between the former President Gerald Ford and an unexpected dark horse, Jimmy Carter. Jimmy Carter was an unknown former naval officer and one-term governor of Georgia who rose up to become the Democratic Presidential Candidate. Gerald R. Ford was just ending his term as President, which came about from a very corrupt situation. Following the Watergate scandal that consumed Nixon and shocked millions of Americans, Gerald R. Ford, as House Minority Leader, became President after the Vice-President Agnew resigned. While Ford was popular when he first became President, his popularity had slowly dwindled over the years. This being the first election after the Watergate scandal, it was a good time for the unknown Washington outsider, Jimmy Carter, to rise up and steal the presidency for himself. Starting back at the beginning, Jimmy Carters journey was not a nice walk in the park. He was not well known and was unlikely to even become the Democratic presidential candidate. Knowing hed have to spend a lot of time campaigning to get the attention of the voters, he decided to start campaigning more than a year before the election. At the end of 1974, he began to campaign and was the first candidate to do so. As the Democratic Convention approached, there was little hope that Carter would win. He was known as Jimmy who? and was running against other well-known politicians. All of a sudden, his luck changed at the Iowa Precinct Caucuses when he won more votes than all of the other candidates.6 Fortune continued with him at the New Hampshire primary in February, 1976, where he beat out five of his rivals. At the Democratic Party Convention, he won enough votes to beat out the California Governor, Jerry Brown, making him the official Democratic Presidential Candidate. President Gerald R. Ford also had a hard time of becoming a Candidate. Many people questioned him during this time because he became President without being voted on after the Watergate scandal. During the Republican Convention of 1976, his only competition came from Ronald Reagan. It was a very close vote between the two, but in the end Ford won and was again in the running for the Presidency. Another man running, named Eugine McCarthy, was the chairman of a third political party called the Independent Party and announced his candidacy on January 1975. This party came about because some people believed that the Democratic Party was too willing to compromise in order to get elected. McCarthys main agenda was to be very liberal and, as the season began, he did everything he could to keep his name in the paper. At the beginning of the election, McCarthy chose William C. Ford as his running mate. However, that didnt last because William Ford decided he wasnt going to run and bailed out. That made McCarthy mad. He decided that the office of vice president should be abolished and didnt choose another running mate. McCarthys campaign wasnt well known and he only got his name on four ballots.4 Unfortunately for McCarthy, he was never a competitive with the other two candidates because he wasnt allowed to participate in the Debates held between Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford. The final blow came when Jimmy Carters campaign started to challenge McCarthys campaign. Some of McCarthys supporters left him for Jimmy Carter in fear that Gerald Ford would win the election. In the end, McCarthy got about one percent of the popular vote and pretty much ended the Independent Party.4 Now that the two Candidates had been chosen, the different parties began to focus more heavily on their platforms. The Democratic Party Platform wanted to increase the amount of jobs available in the U.S. and cut down the unemployment rates by 3% by the time of the next election. They pledged to favor a tax reform and cut from the defense budget. On the social side of the platform, the Democrats declared that they would not create an antiabortion amendment. They did, however, want to regulate gun control and create a national health care insurance. For foreign affairs, the Democrats wanted to create a Panama Canal treaty that guarded U.S. interests while still supporting Latin America. Jimmy Carter wanted to continue to improve the relations with the Soviet Union, in the hopes that they could relax the Cold War tensions that still lingered. He hoped to spread the promotion of human Civil Rights throughout the world without using military force.2 The Republican Party Platform was almost the complete opposite of the Democratic Party Platform. Economically, the Republican Party promised to lower tax rates and create more jobs so people could get jobs easier and be able to pay taxes, while increasing the government funding. Another key point of the Republican Party Platform was the opposition to a national health care. Their main argument against this was that it would increase government spending by seventy billion dollars in the first year alone. Some other parts of the platform were to increase defense spending, oppose gun control, retention of the Panama Canal, and constitutional amendments to ban bussing and abortion.1 The real campaign for the Presidency started in September. A Gallop Poll was taken and showed Jimmy Carter leading with a support of 49% of the population, while Gerald Ford trailed with 39%.6 In one of Gerald Fords speeches he said, The question in this campaign is not who has the better vision of America. The question is who will act to make the vision a reality. Over the next two months not much was done and one newspaper said that it put the voters to sleep. Jimmy Carter and Gerald Ford talked together and decided to have a series of debates, like the ones held between Richard Nixon and John Kennedy. It had been over a decade and the revival created a tradition of debates that is still used today. This was also the first time a debate was held in a public setting instead of in a studio. The debates would be over both domestic and foreign policy issues affecting America. The first debate occurred on September 27th in Philadelphia over domestic issues. It got off to a slow start with a 27 minute delay because the sound system shut off. Jimmy Carter spent his time talking of how Washington hadnt had a real leader in four years and called Ford out on his so called insensitivity to the unemployed. Ford replied by accusing Carter of not knowing the facts and having the details to back it up. Ford pushed for more jobs by expanding the private sector, controlling government spending, and lowering the federal tax. At the end of the first debate, most people believed Ford won and that Carter was too nervous and very hesitant with his answers. This caused Ford to become more popular and make the race much closer.8 The next debate took place in San Francisco and covered International Policy. Before the debate took place, it was inferred that Gerald Ford would easily win this debate. However, things quickly went south and President Ford made a huge mistake. From the start, Jimmy Carter went on the offensive and challenged Ford by saying Ford had surrendered International Affairs to the Secretary of State Henry Kissinger. Later in the debate Ford stumbled over a question about the Soviet Union and made a mistake. Many think this mistake kept him from becoming President. This caused many voters to believe that Ford was unintelligent and news of his costly mistake was talked about by many news reporters. Another Gallop Poll was taken after this debate showing that Carter was in the lead with 48% versus Fords 42%.8 In the third and final debate, the topic was about everything and anything. Ford was asked questions on his defense of Nixon and the Watergate Scandal while Carter was asked why he thought his lead had dropped down so far. This debate also asked questions on gun control, the Supreme Court, and possible amendments to the Constitution. To wrap up the debate, both candidates were asked what sacrifices they would require of the nation when times were difficult. Ford responded, Those necessary sacrifices to preserve the peace an adequate military capability and a few billion dollars more in defense funding. On the domestic side, sacrifices would be those that would hold the lid on spending so that we could have a long overdue and totally justified tax decrease for the middle-income people. Jimmy Carter responded by saying there wouldnt be as many sacrifices in his Administration. His main goal was to create more jobs and work on getting inflation lower with strong leadership. The only sacrifice would be to have a couple guidelines and a voluntary price restraint. Overall, this debate was very subdued with minimal accusations compared to the other two.8 After these three debates, many voters were still undecided. This election would be no landslide victory. Jimmy Carter just needed to get to Election Day fast, while Gerald Ford needed just a few more days to bridge the gap. On the day of the election, there was a big voter turnout with over four million more people voting than the year before. However, that was from more people coming of age. There was a higher percentage of voting age people voting in 1972 than in 1976. The numbers for the popular vote was very close between Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter with Gerald Ford picking up 48%, Jimmy Carter 50%, and Eugine McCarthy picking up the other two. However, while the Electoral College votes were still close, there was a wider gap with Jimmy Carter holding 297 votes versus Gerald Fords 240.7 The strange thing about this election was that it wasnt based as much off of north and south. It was split up into east and west, which hasnt happened very often in the history of Presidential E lections. With that Jimmy Carter won the Presidency even though at the beginning it seemed hopeless. http://wikihistoria.wikispaces.com/file/view/1976_Electoral_College_Map.png/65396784/443237/1976_Electoral_College_Map.png The Election of 1976 was very similar to the Election of 2012. In both election years, the voting was extremely close which made it not much of a victory for the two men elected. Another striking similarity is that the elections occurred during a time of war and turmoil. In 1976 the Watergate Scandal had just blown over leaving the public with a bad taste in its mouth. Now, in the year 2012, our country is currently at war with Afghanistan due to the terrorist acts of Al-Qaida. On September 11th 2012, on the eleventh year anniversary of the destruction of the World Trade Center, terrorists attacked again and killed the ambassador of Libya along with other violence around the globe. Both of the Elections occurred during momentous times in history. One last similarity between these two elections was the debates. In 1976, the debates had a huge impact on the election. Jimmy Carter himself, believed that if there hadnt been the debates, he wouldnt have become President. In 2012, the deba tes were similar in the way it helped the challenger for the Presidency and gave each a significant bump in the polls. However, in 2012, the incumbent, President Obama, won the election, while in 1976, the challenger, President Carter, won the election. Overall, the election of 1976 was a very important Election, just like every other Election in history. It was memorable in the way it started the precedent for debates in an election, not only between the Presidents, but also the Vice-Presidents. In this election, there was a fierce battle between two very deserving candidates. In the end, the Incumbent President, Gerald Ford fell to a new era that marked the beginning of the Democratic Hold of Office. In the next two elections the Republicans regained control of the Presidency, but the Republican Partys popularity has continued to dwindle. Once again, a Democrat (President Obama) has been voted President. Sources: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25843 http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29606 http://millercenter.org/president/carter/essays/biography/3 http://www.ourcampaigns.com/NewsDetail.html?NewsID=35030 David C. Whitney (2009), The American Presidents 11th Edition: Biographies of the Chief Executives, form George Washington through Barack Obama. William A. Degregorio (2009), The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents: 7th Edition. Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley (2008), The Presidency A To Z Fourth Edition. http://cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/debates/history/1976/ By: Ginny Glockzin

Pancasila

CHAPTER I BACKGROUND Indonesia is a country which has a strong philosophy to control the whole system of the country. In its preamble, the 1945 constitution sets forth the Pancasila as the embodiment of basic principles of an independent Indonesian state. These five principles were announced by Sukarno in a speech known as â€Å"The Birth of the Pancasila,† which he gave to the Independence Preparatory Committee on June 1, 1945. In brief, and in the order given in the constitution, the Pancasila principles are: belief in one supreme God; humanitarianism; nationalism expressed in the unity of Indonesia; consultative democracy; and social justice.Sukarno's statement of the Pancasila, while simple in form, resulted from a complex and sophisticated appreciation of the ideological needs of the new nation. The details about each principles: 1. Belief in the one and only God The symbol of this principle is star. This principle tells us about belief in God. It shows that the Indonesia n people believe in life after death. It emphasizes that the pursuit of sacred values will lead the people to a better life in the hereafter. The principle is embodied in the 1945 Constitution and reads: â€Å"The state shall be based on the belief in the one and only God†.It is represented by the star in the centre of the shield of the Garuda Pancasila. 2. Just and civilized humanity The symbol of this principle is chain. This principle requires that human beings be treated with due regard to their dignity as God’s creatures. It emphasizes that the Indonesian people do not tolerate physical or spiritual oppression of human beings by their own people or by any other nation. The chain at the lower right of the shield symbolizes successive generations of humanity. 3. The unity of IndonesiaThe symbol of this principle is banyan tree. This principle talks about the concept of nationalism, of love for one’s nation and motherland. Pancasila nationalism demands that In donesians avoid feelings of superiority on the grounds of ethnicity, for reasons of ancestry and skin color. In his 1 June 1945 speech, Sukarno quoted Gandhi: I am a nationalist, but my nationalism is humanity. The Indonesian coat of arms enshrines the symbol of â€Å"Bhinneka Tunggal Ika† which means â€Å"unity in diversity†. This is represented on the shield by the banyan tree at top right. 4.Democracy guided by the inner wisdom in the unanimity arising out of deliberations amongst representatives The symbol of this principle is the buffalo’s head. Pancasila democracy calls for decision-making through deliberations to reach a consensus. It implies that voting is not encouraged as long as deliberation is possible. It is democracy that lives up to the principles of Pancasila. The head of the wild bull at top left stands for this principle. 5. Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia The symbol of this principle is the rice and cotton.This princip le calls for the equitable spread of welfare to the entire population, not in a static but in a dynamic and progressive way. This means that all of the country’s natural resources and the national potentials should be utilized for the greatest possible good and happiness of the people. Social justice implies protection of the weak. But protection should not deny them work. On the contrary, they should work according to their abilities and fields of activity. Protection should prevent wilful treatment by the strong and ensure the rule of justice.This is symbolized by the paddy and cotton ears on the shield. Those principle are the base of Indonesia. All the constitution, rule, regulation, law, and system in this country must follow those principles. All activities related with Indonesia cannot be contrarily with its state philosophy. This state philosophy also can help the government to solve some problems in the country. That is why Pancasila is made and conclude all aspects that are needed in country’s life. CHAPTER II VIOLATION OF PANCASILA 2. 1 The IssueReligious violence is not talking about good violence or the type of violence which is allowed by the religion. It talks about the violence action that bring such name of religion to attack other belief or religion. The head of Setara Institute for Democracy and Peace, Hendardi stated that within the last three years, the violence that bring the name of religion happened frequently, even more frequent than before. From the beginning of 2010, 27th of April, thousands of people attacked â€Å"Yayasan Badan Pendidikan Kristen† (BPK) complex at Cisarua, Bogor. Not less than six buildings was burnt.Then, on 1st of October, a thousand people invaded Ahmadiyah area at Cisalada, Ciampea, Bogor and broke six buildings. On 12th of September in the same year, Christian community of HKBP Pondok Timur Indah Church was attacked when they were going to do the service. A preacher was also being stabbed by the attacker. The violence was not ended at 2010, entering 2011, on 6th of February, a thousand of people attacked Ahmadiyah Cikeusik, Pandeglang. Three Ahmadiyah people was died in this incident. Two days after that there were some people broke and burnt three churches and one Catholic school at Temanggung, Central Java.Those violence causes death of some people and a big losses for some parties. That religious violence is easily published by the media. Even in one media, there is one Indonesian who live in Cairo, Egypt, state his cynical thought, â€Å"That is Indonesia which is never reach maturity stage. Other countries are trying to get out from the cage of primordialism but we still stay the same. † It shows that religious violence in Indonesia is also heard by other countries or even by the whole world. One case that recently happened is the case on Temanggung, Central Java.That chaos happened after the judge verdicts 5-year punishment in jail to Antonius Richmon Ba wengan who is judged as a person who insult other religion. Right after the decision of the judge come out, the mass on the court altogether destroy the buildings (three churches and one Catholic school), break the glass and other facilities there. Those violence has caused great chaotic in Temanggung. Some roads must be closed due to the barbaric action of the mass. It also causes great loss to some parties. The reason for that religious violence is mass’ disappointment because of the judge decision.They think the punishment is too small for the person who insults religion. Actually, there is another happening before that religious violence happens. On 3rd of October 2010, Antonius Richmon stayed at his relative’s house in Kenalan village, Temanggung, Central Java. On that day, Antonius spread some books, that contain some statement that were considered as humiliation for the Moslem, to the Moslem mass around him. That is why the mass in that village were disturbed by his action and decided to arrest him since 26th of October 2010.The oddity in this case is most of the mass that was doing the violence were coming from outside Temanggung. The secretary of â€Å"Forum Kerukunan Umat Beragama† (The Harmony of Religion), Djundardo, said â€Å"Most of the mass that do the violence was coming from outside Temanggung because, basicaly, Temanggung has good harmony in inter-religion interactions. † 2. 2 Analysis based on principles of Pancasila This case has violated several principle of Pancasila which must be our base in everything people do in this country. For the most, it totally violates the first principle â€Å"Belief in the one and only God†.This principle does not mean that all of Indonesian must have one religion. Indonesia acknowledges five religions before and six religions for now. It means that this principle encourage the entire citizen to respect other religion and belief. It says one and only God to emphasize that w e have one goal, one destination, and one same point at the last so the one that makes each religion different is the way to reach that goals. The former of Pancasila already thought about it carefully. They just wanted all citizens can have good harmony just like a big family, even though there is diverse religion and belief in it.Unfortunately, the fact, nowadays, is really contrast with the Pancasila’s former expectation. If we see the â€Å"religious violence†, it shows that there is lack of respect to other religion. They tend to defend their own religion by violence. They think that their religion is the best and because of that they lose the harmony of inter-religion relationship which is expected by the former from the first principle. The people who do violence forget about the first principle that said about the one and only God which means unity in one God.The principle means the last destination of each religion is one and only God who loves all people who believe on Him, so people do not have any right to judge which religion is the best among others. Besides that, none of the religion that tells people to solve problems with violence actions. If there is some people who do violence action and bring the name of religion, it means those people are not respect their own religion and God. That is why, this violence which attack other religion has considered as violation the first principle of Pancasila.Besides that, religious violence also violates second principle of Pancasila â€Å"Just and civilized humanity† because it harm so many people’s life. Civilized humanity describes the society that can treat the people who live there fairly, are polite and behave in a calm and reasonable way. The violence is a contrast action of civilized humanity. It shows that the mass, that kill other people, break others’ properties, and even obstruct others’ religion, imply impoliteness and barbarian behavior. It totally do not implement the second principle of Pancasila.Those actions also violate the third principle of Pancasila â€Å"The unity of Indonesia† because those actions can trigger any disunity among the citizen of Indonesia. Basically, unity never means all people must in the same thought, same condition, or same choice. Unity can be reached when we can respect others thought, condition and choice to reach one goal; also when we can harmonize that diversity and, the most important, has the sense of belonging to all of the member. In this religious violence, we cannot see the sense of belonging of those people or even their effort to respect others’ belief.They try to attack others because they think that religion is not appropriate to exist and be believed there. At the last, religious violence can be counted as violation of the fifth principle â€Å"Social justice for the whole of the people of Indonesia†. It violates this principle due to the closing of some churches which is unfair for the Christians who live kindly and nicely to the society. In this principle, the former said â€Å"for the whole of people of Indonesia† not for several people which means there must be no discrimination to get social justice.People should not judge a religion based on one-man action which does not describe the characteristic the whole of people who taking up that religion. 2. 3 Solutions Government need to remember and understand deeply about our Constitution. We must realize that we are in the democratic country, not an authoritative one. It means that we must respect others’ thought and belief; we cannot force others to have the same thought and belief with us. If we can realize it, hopefully, our country can be calmer and has harmonious inter-religion life. Government also needs to be strict in law to cope this issue.It is not only in law but also in its implementation. If someone harms others’ life, especially with harassment, it must b e considered as a crime and he/ she must be arrested based on the law. Government need to repair their mind to do their work to serve the whole citizen wholehearted and fairly. Besides all of that, we also can start to resolve the issue by ourselves. We must learn to respect others’ belief and not judge a society by one-man action only. We must try to open our mind to the diversity around us and share our knowledge to the people who still lack of this awareness.We also need to socialize with all people in our society, not only people who have same belief or interest with us. CHAPTER III CONCLUSION Indonesia is a country which established with a strong state philosophy which is called Pancasila. Pancasila consists of five basic principles which already covers all aspects in country’s life. The principles include the belief, humanity, unity, democracy, and justice. Those principles are called as state philosophy because those five principles are the fundamental principle to run the country. It means every single thing which is done in and for the country must agree with Pancasila.On the other hand, if we see the reality nowadays, there is some violation in regards of Pancasila. One kind of the violation is religious violence, which means some violence action which brings a name of religion. This issue becomes more frequent lately. The last case is in Temanggung where there are three churches and a Catholic school were destroyed by the mass which bring the name of Islam. That violence had caused chaotic and terrified situation in Temanggung because the mass was looked so brutal. This case has totally broke the first principle of Pancasila which said belief in one and only God.

Terrorism Terrorism And Domestic Terrorism - 1491 Words

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Nazi Propagand The Most Strategic Scheme - 2822 Words

Nazi Propaganda: The Most Strategic Scheme in History â€Å"By the skillful and sustained use of propaganda, one can make a people see even heaven as hell or an extremely wretched life as paradise† (Hitler quoted in Ordeal by Battle). Jeremy Garber Mr. Katz 20th Century U.S. History 5 December 2014 Propaganda is defined as â€Å"information or ideas that are spread by an organized group or government to influence people’s opinions, especially by not giving all the facts or by secretly emphasizing only one way of looking at the facts† (English Definition of ‘propaganda’†). Propaganda has been used throughout history, but had a drastic role in World War I by rallying up chauvinistic countries to fight for their allies and win the war. Many people believed that the Allies were fighting for a noble cause while the Central Powers were belligerent aggressors due to the propaganda that depicted Germany with malicious traits. At last, Germany was greatly injured by the war and Austrian-born, World War I veteran fighter, Adolf Hitler tried to avenge the German deaths. Therefore, he sought to be the leader of Germany and subsequently won the German elections, and became the fascist leader of the Nazi party from 1933-1945. Germans needed a leader who would bring their nation back to a powerful status. Hitler knew that propaganda was a serious weapon that could be used to help him win the elections and instill his ideas into his nation’s minds. He immediately selected Joseph